بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم السالم عليكم ورحمة هللا وبركاته
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1 بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم السالم عليكم ورحمة هللا وبركاته
2 Lecture one Introduction to General Anatomy By Anatomist Dr. Hatem A. Hatem Department of Anatomy, Histology& Embryology College of Dentistry-Ibn sina university
3 Cornerstone
4 Introduction to general anatomy In this lecture we should know the followings: History of Anatomy. Branches (types)of anatomy. Anatomical position & planes. Anatomical terms of location &movements.
5 In Western Civilization: began around the Mediterranean Sea The Greeks Aristotle ( B.C.): structure and function History of Anatomy
6 Alexandria in Egypt First Medical School, cadaver dissection.
7 Supreme authority in study of human anatomy was Galen, a Greek physician who lived in Rome.
8 After Fall of Rome (476 A.D.): the dark ages Medical knowledge saved by the Islamic world
9 1400 s: Renaissance Leonardo de Vinci ( ) Leonardo s Sketches
10 Vesalius: the Reformer of Anatomy ( ).Based on cadaver dissection again; corrected Galen (The father of modern anatomy)
11 The emergence Modern medicine Plastination: Gunter von Hagen. Digital anatomy: Anatomage table.
12 Do the inhabitants of Mesopotamia interested in the science of anatomy???
13 Anatomy (cut up, cut open) the study of the structures of an organism
14 Anatomist like a butcher
15 Levels of Organization of Organisms
16 Branches (types)of anatomy A. Gross Anatomy (unaided eye). B. Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology) C. Histology ("tissues" "to study") aided by microscope Cytology - cell structure/function. D. Systemic Anatomy - organ system. E. Regional Anatomy - particular area
17 ANATOMICAL POSITION Central concept behind all descriptions of location. General description: A person standing upright, facing forward. Arms straight, palms facing forward. Feet parallel and toes pointing forward.
18 ANATOMICAL PLANES A plane is a 2D slice through 3D space used to divide the human body. Allows for accurate description of a location. Allows the reader to understand what a diagram or picture is trying to show.
19 Three planes commonly used Sagittal, coronal and transverse
20 ANATOMICAL TERMS OF LOCATION 1.Medial and Lateral. 2.Anterior and Posterior. 3.Superior and Inferior. 4.Proximal and Distal.
21 Medial and Lateral Medial means towards the midline. Lateral means away from the midline. Examples: eye is lateral to nose. nose is medial to ears
22 Anterior and Posterior: Anterior (ventral) refers to the front, and posterior (dorsal) refers to the back.
23 Horizontal plane. Superior means above, inferior means below the plane. Examples The head is superior to the neck. Superior and Inferior
24 Proximal and Distal Used in structures that have a beginning and an end (upper limb, lower). Describe position with reference to its origin. Proximal means closer to its origin, distal means further away.
25 ANATOMICAL TERMS OF 1.Flexion and Extension MOVEMENT 2.Abduction and Adduction 3.Medial and Lateral Rotation 4.Elevation and Depression 5.Pronation and Supination 6.Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion 7.Opposition and Reposition
26 Flexion and Extension Occur in sagittal plane. Refer to increasing and decreasing angle between two body parts: Flexion decreases. Extension increases. Extension at elbow is increasing angle. Extension of knee straightens lower limb.
27 Abduction and Adduction Describe movements towards or away from midline of body. Abduction is a movement away from the midline. Adduction is a movement towards the midline.
28 Abduction and Adduction In fingers and toes, the midline used is the hand and foot respectively. So, abducting fingers spreads them out.
29 Medial and Lateral Rotation: Movement of limbs around their long axis: Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards midline. (internal rotation). Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from midline. This is opposite direction.
30 Elevation and Depression Elevation movement in a superior direction (e.g. shoulder shrug), Depression movement in an inferior direction.
31 Pronation and Supination: Turn your hand into its back, palm up. this is supination. Again, palm down. this is pronation. whole body when lying flat on back, body is supine. When lying flat on front, body is prone.
32 Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion: At the ankle. Dorsiflexion foot points more superiorly. Plantarflexion foot points inferiorly.
33 Opposition and Reposition: Limited to humans and some great apes, thumb can perform. Opposition: brings thumb and little finger together. Reposition : reversing opposition.
34 Mesopotamia They were interested in the science of anatomy so they're made of clay models for some organs of the human body like liver.
35 بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم General Anatomy Lecture 2 The Bones and joints By Anatomist Dr. Hatem A Hatem
36 The Bones and joints Each bone has special features that provide Sites of Attachment (for muscles, ligaments,etc.) and Sites of Passage (for blood vessels and nerves).
37 Different Bone Markings Depressions and Openings. Articular Processes (of the joints) Processes for Attachment (tendons, ligaments, etc.)
38 Depressions and Openings 1. شق Fissure 2. الثقبة Foramen 3. الصماخ Meatus 4. جيب Sinus 5. اخدود Sulcus 6. حفرة Fossa نتوء 7. Process
39 Fissure (شق) Cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which vessels & nerves pass.
40 Foramen الثقبة hole through which blood vessels, nerves, ligaments can pass.
41 Meatus صماخ Tunnel-like passageway through a bone.
42 Sinus جيب Cavity within a bone.
43 Sulcus اخدود Groove that accommodates a soft structure such as vessels.
44 Fossa حفرة depression in/on a bone.
45 prominent projection. Process
46 Articular Processes (of joints) Condyle اللقمة large, rounded articular (joint) prominence.
47 Rounded articular projection supported by a constricted (neck) Head
48 smooth, flat surface on a bone. Facet
49 Processes for Attachment (tendons, ligaments, etc.) Tubercle حديبة small, rounded process.
50 Tuberosity حدبة large, rounded, usually rough process.
51 Trochanter المدور large, blunt projection; only on femur
52 long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. Line
53 Sharp, slender process. Spine
54 prominence found "above" a condyle. Epicondyle اللقيمة
55 Notch حز small indentation.
56 Articulations (Joints) Are points of contact between bones. Types of joints: Fibrous Joints. Cartilaginous Joints. Synovial Joints.
57 Fibrous Joints A. Sutures. B. Syndemoses. C. Gomphoses.
58 Fibrous Joints Sutures: 1. Between cranial bones 2. Very tight. 3.Immovable(Synarthrosis)
59 Fibrous Joints Syndemoses: 1. longer than sutures. 2. In tibiofibular joint(distal ends)
60 Fibrous Joints Gomphoses: 1. Tooth in alveolar socket. 2. Ex: periodontal ligam
61 Cartilaginous Joints A. Synchondrosis. B. Symphysis.
62 Synchondrosis 1. Hyaline cartilage --> bone over time 2. Example: area between epiphysis & diaphysis of bone 3. Example: joint between ribs and sternum Cartilaginous Joints
63 Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis 1. Bones connected by disc of fibrocartilage 2. Allows for slight movement (amphiarthrotic) 3. Example: intervertebral discs
64 1. Any joint where there is a space between bones. 2. Freely moveable (diarthrotic). 3. Synovial cavity. 4. Articular cartilage - 5. Articular capsule. Synovial Joints
65 Types of Movements in the Joint
66 Next lecture (lecture 3) the skull
67 General Anatomy Lecture 3 The Head and Neck region By Anatomist Dr. Hatem A Hatem
68 The Head & Neck region This region of body contains many important structures compressed into a small area.
69 Formed by : Skull with brain enclosed in cranial cavity. Eye and ear, lie within skull bones. Cranial nerves, leave brain and pass through foramina and fissures in skull. Head
70 Bones of Skull Bones of skull divided into bones of cranium and bones of face. Vault is upper part, and base of skull is lowest part of cranium.
71
72 Cranial bones(8)
73 Facial bones(14)
74
75
76 External Views of Skull: Anterior View The surface Landmark Nasion is depression in midline at root of nose.
77
78 Frontal bone Medially, articulates with frontal processes of maxillae and with nasal bones. Laterally, articulates with zygomatic bone.
79 The orbital margins Bounded by : Frontal bone superiorly. Zygomatic bone laterally. Maxilla inferiorly. Processes of maxilla and frontal bone medially.
80 The nasal bone
81 2 nasal bones form bridge of nose. Their lower borders, with maxillae, make anterior nasal aperture.
82 They divided into 2 by bony septum, largely by vomer.
83 Superior and middle conchae project into nasal cavity from ethmoid.
84 Inferior conchae are separate bones.
85 Maxillae 2 maxillae form upper jaw. 2 maxillae meet in midline at intermaxillary suture & form lower margin of nasal aperture.
86 Below orbit, maxilla is perforated by infraorbital foramen.
87 Alveolar process projects downward &, with opposite side, alveolar arch, carries upper teeth.
88 Zygomatic bone Forms prominence of cheek &part of lateral wall &floor of orbital cavity.
89 Zygomatic bone Articulations (Zygomatic arch).
90 Has 2 foramina (Zygomaticofacial & Zygomaticotemporal foramina). Zygomatic bone
91 Mandible (lower jaw) Largest and strongest bone of face. Body in midline, has a ridge line of fusion at symphysis menti.
92 Body meets ramus at angle of mandible. Mental foramen can be seen.
93 Articulates with skull at TMJ. Consists of a horseshoeshaped body and 2 rami.
94 Mandible (lower jaw) Body : upper border called alveolar part; contains 16 sockets for roots of teeth. Lower border called base.
95 Mandible (lower jaw) Ramus: vertically placed has: ant.coronoid process. post.condyloid process. 2 processes separated by mandibular notch.
96 Posterior View of Skull The posterior parts of 2 parietal bones & sagittal suture above. Below, parietal bones with squamous part of occipital bone at lambdoid suture.
97 Posterior View of Skull On each side occipital with temporal bone. in midline of occipital bone is an elevation (external occipital protuberance). From protuberance superior nuchal lines extend toward temporal bone.
98
99
100
101 Lateral & Superior Views of the Skull By Anatomist Dr. Hatem A Hatem Ph.D Anatomy
102 Lateral & Superior Views of the Skull
103 External Views of the Skull Lateral View of the Skull The frontal bone forms anterior part of side of skull. Articulates with parietal bone at coronal suture.
104 Lateral View of the Skull The parietal bones form sides and roof of cranium. Articulate with each other in midline at Sagittal suture. Articulate with occipital bone behind, at lambdoid suture.
105 Lateral View of the Skull 1. The skull is completed at side by squamous part of occipital bone.
106 Lateral View of the Skull 2. Parts of temporal bone: A. Squamous. B. Tympanic. C. Mastoid process. D. Styloid process. E. Zygomatic process.
107 Lateral View of the Skull 3. Greater wing of sphenoid. 4. External auditory meatus. 5. Ramus and body of mandible lie inferiorly.
108 Lateral View of the Skull pterion : The thinnest part of lateral wall of skull is where anteroinferior corner of parietal bone articulates with greater wing of sphenoid.
109 Lateral View of the Skull Clinically, pterion is an important area because it overlies anterior division of middle meningeal artery and vein.
110 Lateral View of the Skull Superior and Inferior temporal lines, which begin as a single line from posterior margin of zygomatic process of frontal bone and diverge as they arch backward. Temporal fossa lies below inferior temporal line.
111 Lateral View of the Skull Infratemporal fossa lies below infratemporal crest on greater wing of sphenoid.
112 Infratemporal fossa
113 Pterygomaxillary fissure A vertical fissure lies within Infratemporal fossa between pterygoid process of sphenoid bone and back of maxilla. It leads medially into the pterygopalatine fossa.
114 Pterygopalatine fossa
115 Pterygopalatine fossa A small space behind and below orbital cavity. Communicates : laterally with infratemporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure, Medially with nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen. Superiorly with the skull through the foramen rotundum. Anteriorly with the orbit through inferior orbital fissure.
116 laterally :Pterygomaxillary fissure
117 Medially :Sphenopalatine foramen
118 Superiorly :Foramen rotundum.
119 Anteriorly :Inferior orbital fissure A horizontal fissure between greater wing of sphenoid and maxilla. It leads forward into orbit.
120 Superior View of the Skull Anteriorly, frontal bone articulates with 2 parietal bones at coronal suture. Behind, 2 parietal bones articulate in midline at sagittal suture.
121 Superior View of the Skull
122
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